Common Approaches, Diverse Challenges: A Civilizational Perspective on Global Hijri Calendar Practices

Abstract

The Muslim community is diverse, and this greatly shapes how the Hijri calendar is practiced around the world. This paper explores the civilizational factors behind the different ways Muslim-majority and minority countries determine the start of the Hijri month. Drawing from a literature review, this study examined how factors such as administration, geography, culture, religious traditions, and technology influence the practice of determining the new Hijri month. The study demonstrated how the achievements of Islamic civilization, especially in astronomy and timekeeping, continue to play a role in current debates between traditional moon sighting (Ru’yah) and astronomical calculation (hisab). By comparing examples from Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Africa, Europe, and Australia, the study aims to furnish valuable insights to scholars and administrators seeking to develop a uniform approach for defining the Hijri calendar on national, regional, or international levels through an analysis of these characteristics. The report provides valuable guidance for decision-making processes, fostering enhanced mutual understanding and collaboration among Muslim groups.